MIMO with Zero Forcing Successive Interference Cancellation equalizer

The post on MIMO with Zero Forcing equalizer discussed a probable way of equalizing a 2×2 MIMO channel. The simulated results with the 2×2 MIMO system with zero forcing equalizer showed matching results as obtained in for a 1×1 system for BPSK modulation in Rayleigh channel. In this post, we will try to improve the bit error rate performance by trying out Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC). We will assume that the channel is a flat fading Rayleigh multipath channel and the modulation is BPSK.

The background material on the MIMO channel has been described in the post on Zero Forcing equalizer. The text is repeated again for easy readability.

2×2 MIMO channel

In a 2×2 MIMO channel, probable usage of the available 2 transmit antennas can be as follows:

1. Consider that we have a transmission sequence, for example $\{x_1, x_2, x_3, \ldots, x_n \}$

2. In normal transmission, we will be sending $x_1$in the first time slot, $x_2$in the second time slot, $x_3$ and so on.

3. However, as we now have 2 transmit antennas, we may group the symbols into groups of two. In the first time slot, send $x_1$and $x_2$from the first and second antenna. In second time slot, send $x_3$ and $x_4$from the first and second antenna, send $x_5$ and $x_6$in the third time slot and so on.

4. Notice that as we are grouping two symbols and sending them in one time slot, we need only $\frac{n}{2}$ time slots to complete the transmission – data rate is doubled !

5. This forms the simple explanation of a probable MIMO transmission scheme with 2 transmit antennas and 2 receive antennas.

Figure: 2 Transmit 2 Receive (2×2) MIMO channel

Other Assumptions

1. The channel is flat fading – In simple terms, it means that the multipath channel has only one tap. So, the convolution operation reduces to a simple multiplication. For a more rigorous discussion on flat fading and frequency selective fading, may I urge you to review Chapter 15.3 Signal Time-Spreading from [DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS: SKLAR]

2. The channel experience by each transmit antenna is independent from the channel experienced by other transmit antennas.

3. For the $i^{th}$ transmit antenna to $j^{th}$ receive antenna, each transmitted symbol gets multiplied by a randomly varying complex number $h_{j,i}$. As the channel under consideration is a Rayleigh channel, the real and imaginary parts of $h_{j,i}$ are Gaussian distributed having mean $\mu_{h_{j,i}=0$ and variance $\sigma^2_{h_{j,i}}=\frac{1}{2}$.

4. The channel experienced between each transmit to the receive antenna is independent and randomly varying in time.

5. On the receive antenna, the noise$n$ has the Gaussian probability density function with

$p(n) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi\sigma^2}}e^{\frac{-(n-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}$ with $\mu=0$ and $\sigma^2 = \frac{N_0}{2}$.

7. The channel $h_{j,i}$ is known at the receiver.

Zero forcing equalizer for 2×2 MIMO channel

Let us now try to understand the math for extracting the two symbols which interfered with each other. In the first time slot, the received signal on the first receive antenna is,

$y_1 =h_{1,1}x_1 + h_{1,2}x_2 + n_1 = [h_{1,1}\ h_{1,2}] \left[\begin{eqnarray}x_1 \\ x_2 \end{eqnarray}\right]+n_1$.

The received signal on the second receive antenna is,

$y_2 = h_{2,1}x_1 + h_{2,2}x_2 + n_2 = [h_{2,1}\ h_{2,2}] \left[\begin{eqnarray}x_1 \\ x_2\end{eqnarray}\right]+n_2$.

where

$y_1$, $y_2$ are the received symbol on the first and second antenna respectively,

$h_{1,1}$ is the channel from $1^{st}$ transmit antenna to $1^{st}$ receive antenna,

$h_{1,2}$ is the channel from $2^{nd}$ transmit antenna to $1^{st}$ receive antenna,

$h_{2,1}$ is the channel from $1^{st}$ transmit antenna to $2^{nd}$ receive antenna,

$h_{2,2}$ is the channel from $2^{nd}$ transmit antenna to $2^{nd}$ receive antenna,

$x_1$, $x_2$are the transmitted symbols and

$n_1,\ n_2$ is the noise on $1^{st}, 2^{nd}$ receive antennas.

For convenience, the above equation can be represented in matrix notation as follows:

$\begin{eqnarray}\left[\begin{eqnarray}y_1 \\ y_2\end{eqnarray}\right] & = & {\left[\begin{array}{cc}h_{1,1}& h_{1,2} \\h_{2,1}&h_{2,2}\end{array}\right]}\left[\begin{eqnarray}x_1 \\ x_2 \end{eqnarray}\right]+\left[\begin{eqnarray}n_1\\n_2 \end{eqnarray}\right]\end{eqnarray}$.

Equivalently,

$\mathbf{y} = \mathbf{H}\mathbf{x} + \mathbf{n}$

To solve for $\mathbf{x}$, The Zero Forcing (ZF) linear detector for meeting this constraint $\mathbf{WH=I}$. is given by,

$\mathbf{W}=\mathbf{(H^HH)^{-1}H^H}$.

To do the Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC), the receiver needs to perform the following:

Zero Forcing with Successive Interference Cancellation (ZF-SIC)

Using the Zero Forcing (ZF) equalization approach described above, the receiver can obtain an estimate of the two transmitted symbols $x_1$, $x_2$, i.e.

$\left[\begin{array}\hat{x}_1\\\hat{x}_2\end{array}\right] = \mathbf{(H^HH)^{-1}H^H}\left[\begin{array}y_1\\y_2\end{array}\right]$.

Take one of the estimated symbols (for example $\hat{x}_2$) and subtract its effect from the received vector $y_1$and $y_2$, i.e.

$\left[\begin{array}r_1\\r_2\end{array}\right] = \left[\begin{array}{ccl}y_1 &- & h_{1,2}&\hat{x}_2\\y_2 & - & h_{2,2}&\hat{x}_2\end{array}\right] = \left[\begin{array}{clc}h_{1,1}&x_1 &+ &n_1 \\ h_{2,1}&x_1 &+ &n_2\end{array}\right]$.

Expressing in matrix notation,

$\left[\begin{array}r_1\\r_2\end{array}\right] = \left[\begin{array} h_{1,1}&\\h_{2,1}\end{array}\right]x_1 + \left[\begin{array}n_1\\n_2\end{array}\right]$,

$\mathbf{r} = \mathbf{h}x_1+\mathbf{n}$

The above equation is same as equation obtained for receive diversity case. Optimal way of combining the information from multiple copies of the received symbols in receive diversity case is to apply Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC).

The equalized symbol is,

$\hat{\mathbf{x}}_1 = \frac{\mathbf{h}^H\mathbf{r}}{\mathbf{h}^H\mathbf{h}}$.

This forms the simple explanation for Zero Forcing Equalizer with Successive Interference Cancellation (ZF-SIC) approach.

Simulation Model

The Matlab/Octave script performs the following

(a) Generate random binary sequence of +1’s and -1’s.

(b) Group them into pair of two symbols and send two symbols in one time slot

(c) Multiply the symbols with the channel and then add white Gaussian noise.

(d) Equalize the received symbols with Zero Forcing criterion

(e) Take the symbol from the second spatial dimension, subtract from the received symbol

(f) Perform Maximal Ratio Combining for equalizing the new received symbol

(g) Perform hard decision decoding and count the bit errors

(h) Repeat for multiple values of $\frac{E_b}{N_0}$ and plot the simulation and theoretical results.

Figure: BER plot for BPSK in 2×2 MIMO channel with Zero Forcing Successive Interference Cancellation equalization

Observations

Compared to Zero Forcing equalization alone case, addition of successive interference cancellation results in around 2.2dB of improvement for BER of $10^{-3}$.

The improvement is brought in because decoding of the information from the first spatial dimension ($x_1$) has a lower error probability that the symbol transmitted from the second dimension. However, the assumption is that $x_2$ is decoded correctly may not be true in general. We can discuss alternate approaches in future posts.

References

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% The file may not be re-distributed without explicit authorization
% from Krishna Pillai.
% Checked for proper operation with Octave Version 3.0.0
% Author        : Krishna Pillai
% Email         : krishna@dsplog.com
% Version       : 1.0
% Date          : 09 Novemeber 2008
% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% Script for computing the BER for BPSK modulation in a
% Rayleigh fading channel with 2 Tx, 2Rx MIMO channel
% Zero Forcing Equalization with Successive Interference
% Cancellation (ZF-SIC)

clear
N = 10^6; % number of bits or symbols
Eb_N0_dB = [0:25]; % multiple Eb/N0 values
nTx = 2;
nRx = 2;
for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)

% Transmitter
ip = rand(1,N)>0.5; % generating 0,1 with equal probability
s = 2*ip-1; % BPSK modulation 0 -> -1; 1 -> 0

sMod = kron(s,ones(nRx,1)); %
sMod = reshape(sMod,[nRx,nTx,N/nTx]); % grouping in [nRx,nTx,N/NTx ] matrix

h = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(nRx,nTx,N/nTx) + j*randn(nRx,nTx,N/nTx)]; % Rayleigh channel
n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(nRx,N/nTx) + j*randn(nRx,N/nTx)]; % white gaussian noise, 0dB variance

% Channel and noise Noise addition
y = squeeze(sum(h.*sMod,2)) + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n;

% Forming the ZF equalization matrix W = inv(H^H*H)*H^H
% H^H*H is of dimension [nTx x nTx]. In this case [2 x 2]
% Inverse of a [2x2] matrix [a b; c d] = 1/(ad-bc)[d -b;-c a]
hCof = zeros(2,2,N/nTx)  ;
hCof(1,1,:) = sum(h(:,2,:).*conj(h(:,2,:)),1) ;  % d term
hCof(2,2,:) = sum(h(:,1,:).*conj(h(:,1,:)),1) ;  % a term
hCof(2,1,:) = -sum(h(:,2,:).*conj(h(:,1,:)),1); % c term
hCof(1,2,:) = -sum(h(:,1,:).*conj(h(:,2,:)),1); % b term
hDen = ((hCof(1,1,:).*hCof(2,2,:)) - (hCof(1,2,:).*hCof(2,1,:))); % ad-bc term
hDen = reshape(kron(reshape(hDen,1,N/nTx),ones(2,2)),2,2,N/nTx);  % formatting for division
hInv = hCof./hDen; % inv(H^H*H)

hMod =  reshape(conj(h),nRx,N); % H^H operation

yMod = kron(y,ones(1,2)); % formatting the received symbol for equalization
yMod = sum(hMod.*yMod,1); % H^H * y
yMod =  kron(reshape(yMod,2,N/nTx),ones(1,2)); % formatting
yHat = sum(reshape(hInv,2,N).*yMod,1); % inv(H^H*H)*H^H*y

% receiver - hard decision decoding on second spatial dimension
ipHat2SS = real(yHat(2:2:end))>0;
ipHatMod2SS = 2*ipHat2SS-1;
ipHatMod2SS = kron(ipHatMod2SS,ones(nRx,1));
ipHatMod2SS = reshape(ipHatMod2SS,[nRx,1,N/nTx]);

% new received symbol - removing the effect from second spatial dimension
h2SS = h(:,2,:); % channel in the second spatial dimension
r = y - squeeze(h2SS.*ipHatMod2SS);

% maximal ratio combining - for symbol in the first spatial dimension
h1SS = squeeze(h(:,1,:));
yHat1SS = sum(conj(h1SS).*r,1)./sum(h1SS.*conj(h1SS),1);
yHat(1:2:end) = yHat1SS;

% receiver - hard decision decoding
ipHat = real(yHat)>0;

% counting the errors
nErr(ii) = size(find([ip- ipHat]),2);

end

simBer = nErr/N; % simulated ber
EbN0Lin = 10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10);
theoryBer_nRx1 = 0.5.*(1-1*(1+1./EbN0Lin).^(-0.5));
p = 1/2 - 1/2*(1+1./EbN0Lin).^(-1/2);
theoryBerMRC_nRx2 = p.^2.*(1+2*(1-p));

close all
figure
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBer_nRx1,'bp-','LineWidth',2);
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBerMRC_nRx2,'kd-','LineWidth',2);
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer,'mo-','LineWidth',2);
axis([0 25 10^-5 0.5])
grid on
legend('theory (nTx=2,nRx=2, ZF)', 'theory (nTx=1,nRx=2, MRC)', 'sim (nTx=2, nRx=2, ZF-SIC)');
xlabel('Average Eb/No,dB');
ylabel('Bit Error Rate');
title('BER for BPSK modulation with 2x2 MIMO and ZF-SIC equalizer (Rayleigh channel)');



MIMO with ZF SIC and optimal ordering

by on November 29, 2008

In previous posts, we had discussed equalization of a 2×2 MIMO channel with Zero Forcing (ZF) equalization and later, Zero Forcing equalization with successive interference cancellation (ZF-SIC). In this post, we will explore a variant of ZF-SIC called Zero Forcing Successive Interference Cancellation with optimal ordering. We will assume that the channel is a flat fading Rayleigh multipath channel and the modulation is BPSK.

Brief description of 2×2 MIMO transmission, assumptions on channel model and the noise are detailed in the post on Zero Forcing equalization with successive interference cancellation

Zero forcing equalizer for 2×2 MIMO channel

Let us now try to understand the math for extracting the two symbols which interfered with each other. In the first time slot, the received signal on the first receive antenna is,

$y_1 =h_{1,1}x_1 + h_{1,2}x_2 + n_1 = [h_{1,1}\ h_{1,2}] \left[\begin{eqnarray}x_1 \\ x_2 \end{eqnarray}\right]+n_1$.

The received signal on the second receive antenna is,

$y_2 = h_{2,1}x_1 + h_{2,2}x_2 + n_2 = [h_{2,1}\ h_{2,2}] \left[\begin{eqnarray}x_1 \\ x_2\end{eqnarray}\right]+n_2$.

where

$y_1$, $y_2$ are the received symbol on the first and second antenna respectively,

$h_{1,1}$ is the channel from $1^{st}$ transmit antenna to $1^{st}$ receive antenna,

$h_{1,2}$ is the channel from $2^{nd}$ transmit antenna to $1^{st}$ receive antenna,

$h_{2,1}$ is the channel from $1^{st}$ transmit antenna to $2^{nd}$ receive antenna,

$h_{2,2}$ is the channel from $2^{nd}$ transmit antenna to $2^{nd}$ receive antenna,

$x_1$, $x_2$are the transmitted symbols and

$n_1,\ n_2$ is the noise on $1^{st}, 2^{nd}$ receive antennas.

For convenience, the above equation can be represented in matrix notation as follows:

$\begin{eqnarray}\left[\begin{eqnarray}y_1 \\ y_2\end{eqnarray}\right] & = & {\left[\begin{array}{cc}h_{1,1}& h_{1,2} \\h_{2,1}&h_{2,2}\end{array}\right]}\left[\begin{eqnarray}x_1 \\ x_2 \end{eqnarray}\right]+\left[\begin{eqnarray}n_1\\n_2 \end{eqnarray}\right]\end{eqnarray}$.

Equivalently,

$\mathbf{y} = \mathbf{H}\mathbf{x} + \mathbf{n}$

To solve for $\mathbf{x}$, The Zero Forcing (ZF) linear detector for meeting this constraint $\mathbf{WH=I}$. is given by,

$\mathbf{W}=\mathbf{(H^HH)^{-1}H^H}$.

Using the Zero Forcing (ZF) equalization, the receiver can obtain an estimate of the two transmitted symbols $x_1$, $x_2$, i.e.

$\left[\begin{array}\hat{x}_1\\\hat{x}_2\end{array}\right] = \mathbf{(H^HH)^{-1}H^H}\left[\begin{array}y_1\\y_2\end{array}\right]$.

Successive Interference Cancellation with optimal ordering

In classical Successive Interference Cancellation, the receiver arbitrarily takes one of the estimated symbols, and subtract its effect from the received symbol $y_1$and $y_2$. However, we can have more intelligence in choosing whether we should subtract the effect of $\hat{x}_1$first or $\hat{x}_2$ first. To make that decision, let us find out the transmit symbol (after multiplication with the channel) which came at higher power at the receiver. The received power at the both the antennas corresponding to the transmitted symbol $x_1$is,

$P_{x_1}=|h_{1,1}|^2 + |h_{2,1}|^2$.

The received power at the both the antennas corresponding to the transmitted symbol $x_2$ is,

$P_{x_2}=|h_{1,2}|^2 + |h_{2,2}|^2$.

If $P_{x_1}>P_{x_2}$ then the receiver decides to remove the effect of $\hat{x}_1$ from the received vector $y_1$and $y_2$ and then re-estimate $\hat{x}_2$.

$\left[\begin{array}r_1\\r_2\end{array}\right] = \left[\begin{array}{ccl}y_1 &- & h_{1,1}&\hat{x}_1\\y_2 & - & h_{1,2}&\hat{x}_1\end{array}\right] = \left[\begin{array}{clc}h_{1,2}&x_2 &+ &n_1 \\ h_{2,2}&x_2 &+ &n_2\end{array}\right]$.

Expressing in matrix notation,

$\left[\begin{array}r_1\\r_2\end{array}\right] = \left[\begin{array} h_{1,2}&\\h_{2,2}\end{array}\right]x_2 + \left[\begin{array}n_1\\n_2\end{array}\right]$,

$\mathbf{r} = \mathbf{h}x_2+\mathbf{n}$

Optimal way of combining the information from multiple copies of the received symbols in receive diversity case is to apply Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC). The equalized symbol is,

$\hat{\hat{x}}_2 = \frac{\mathbf{h}^H\mathbf{r}}{\mathbf{h}^H\mathbf{h}}$.

Else if $P_{x_1} \le P_{x_2}$ the receiver decides to subtract effect of $\hat{x}_2$ from the received vector $y_1$and $y_2$, and then re-estimate $\hat{x}_1$

$\left[\begin{array}r_1\\r_2\end{array}\right] = \left[\begin{array}{ccl}y_1 &- & h_{1,2}&\hat{x}_2\\y_2 & - & h_{2,2}&\hat{x}_2\end{array}\right] = \left[\begin{array}{clc}h_{1,1}&x_1 &+ &n_1 \\ h_{2,1}&x_1 &+ &n_2\end{array}\right]$.

Expressing in matrix notation,

$\left[\begin{array}r_1\\r_2\end{array}\right] = \left[\begin{array} h_{1,1}&\\h_{2,1}\end{array}\right]x_1 + \left[\begin{array}n_1\\n_2\end{array}\right]$,

$\mathbf{r} = \mathbf{h}x_1+\mathbf{n}$

Optimal way of combining the information from multiple copies of the received symbols in receive diversity case is to apply Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC). The equalized symbol is,

$\hat{\hat{x}}_1 = \frac{\mathbf{h}^H\mathbf{r}}{\mathbf{h}^H\mathbf{h}}$.

Doing successive interference cancellation with optimal ordering ensures that the reliability of the symbol which is decoded first is guaranteed to have a lower error probability than the other symbol. This results in lowering the chances of incorrect decisions resulting in erroneous interference cancellation. Hence gives lower error rate than simple successive interference cancellation.

Simulation Model

The Matlab/Octave script performs the following

(a) Generate random binary sequence of +1’s and -1’s.

(b) Group them into pair of two symbols and send two symbols in one time slot

(c) Multiply the symbols with the channel and then add white Gaussian noise.

(d) Equalize the received symbols with Zero Forcing criterion

(e) Find the power of received symbol from both the spatial dimensions.

(f) Take the symbol having higher power, subtract from the received symbol

(f) Perform Maximal Ratio Combining for equalizing the new received symbol

(g) Perform hard decision decoding and count the bit errors

(h) Repeat for multiple values of $\frac{E_b}{N_0}$ and plot the simulation and theoretical results.

Figure: BER plot for BPSK in 2×2 MIMO equalized by ZF-SIC with optimal ordering

Observations

Compared to Zero Forcing equalization with successive interference cancellation case, addition of optimal ordering results in around 2.0dB of improvement for BER of $10^{-3}$.

References

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% The file may not be re-distributed without explicit authorization
% from Krishna Pillai.
% Checked for proper operation with Octave Version 3.0.0
% Author        : Krishna Pillai
% Email         : krishna@dsplog.com
% Version       : 1.0
% Date          : 09 Novemeber 2008
% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% Script for computing the BER for BPSK modulation in a
% Rayleigh fading channel with 2 Tx, 2Rx MIMO channel
% Zero Forcing Equalization with Successive Interference
% Cancellation (ZF-SIC) with optimal ordering

clear
N =  10^6; % number of bits or symbols
Eb_N0_dB = [0:25]; % multiple Eb/N0 values
nTx = 2;
nRx = 2;
for ii = 1:length(Eb_N0_dB)

% Transmitter
ip = rand(1,N)>0.5; % generating 0,1 with equal probability
s = 2*ip-1; % BPSK modulation 0 -> -1; 1 -> 0
sMod = kron(s,ones(nRx,1)); %
sMod = reshape(sMod,[nRx,nTx,N/nTx]); % grouping in [nRx,nTx,N/NTx ] matrix

h = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(nRx,nTx,N/nTx) + j*randn(nRx,nTx,N/nTx)]; % Rayleigh channel
n = 1/sqrt(2)*[randn(nRx,N/nTx) + j*randn(nRx,N/nTx)]; % white gaussian noise, 0dB variance

% Channel and noise Noise addition
y = squeeze(sum(h.*sMod,2)) + 10^(-Eb_N0_dB(ii)/20)*n;

% ----------
% Forming the ZF equalization matrix W = inv(H^H*H)*H^H
% H^H*H is of dimension [nTx x nTx]. In this case [2 x 2]
% Inverse of a [2x2] matrix [a b; c d] = 1/(ad-bc)[d -b;-c a]
hCof = zeros(2,2,N/nTx)  ;
hCof(1,1,:) =  sum(h(:,2,:).*conj(h(:,2,:)),1) ;  % d term
hCof(2,2,:) =  sum(h(:,1,:).*conj(h(:,1,:)),1) ;  % a term
hCof(2,1,:) = -sum(h(:,2,:).*conj(h(:,1,:)),1); % c term
hCof(1,2,:) = -sum(h(:,1,:).*conj(h(:,2,:)),1); % b term

% Sorting the equalization matrix based on the channel power on each dimension
% since the second spatial dimension is equalized first, the channel
% with higher power assigned to second dimension
normSS1 = squeeze(hCof(2,2,:));
normSS2 = squeeze(hCof(1,1,:));
sortIdx = find(normSS2 < normSS1);

% sorting the H^H*H matrix
hCofSort = hCof;
hCofSort(2,2,sortIdx) = hCof(1,1,sortIdx);
hCofSort(1,1,sortIdx) = hCof(2,2,sortIdx);
hCofSort(1,2,sortIdx) = hCof(2,1,sortIdx);
hCofSort(2,1,sortIdx) = hCof(1,2,sortIdx);
hDen = ((hCofSort(1,1,:).*hCofSort(2,2,:)) - (hCofSort(1,2,:).*hCofSort(2,1,:))); % ad-bc term
hDen = reshape(kron(reshape(hDen,1,N/nTx),ones(2,2)),2,2,N/nTx);  % formatting for division
hInvSort = hCofSort./hDen; % inv(H^H*H)

% sorting the H matrix
hSort = h;
hSort(:,2,sortIdx) = h(:,1,sortIdx);
hSort(:,1,sortIdx) = h(:,2,sortIdx);

% Equalization - Zero forcing
hModSort =  reshape(conj(hSort),nRx,N); % H^H operation

yModSort = kron(y,ones(1,2)); % formatting the received symbol for equalization
yModSort = sum(hModSort.*yModSort,1); % H^H * y
yModSort =  kron(reshape(yModSort,2,N/nTx),ones(1,2)); % formatting
yHatSort = sum(reshape(hInvSort,2,N).*yModSort,1); % inv(H^H*H)*H^H*y

% receiver - hard decision decoding on second spatial dimension
ipHat2SS = real(yHatSort(2:2:end))>0;
ipHatMod2SS = 2*ipHat2SS-1;
ipHatMod2SS = kron(ipHatMod2SS,ones(nRx,1));
ipHatMod2SS = reshape(ipHatMod2SS,[nRx,1,N/nTx]);

% new received symbol - removing the effect from second spatial dimension
h2SS = hSort(:,2,:); % channel in the second spatial dimension
r = y - squeeze(h2SS.*ipHatMod2SS);

% maximal ratio combining - for symbol in the first spatial dimension
h1SS = squeeze(hSort(:,1,:));
yHat1SS = sum(conj(h1SS).*r,1)./sum(h1SS.*conj(h1SS),1);
yHatSort(1:2:end) = yHat1SS;

yHatSort = reshape(yHatSort,2,N/2) ;
yHatSort(:,sortIdx) = flipud(yHatSort(:,sortIdx));
yHat = reshape(yHatSort,1,N);

% receiver - hard decision decoding
ipHat = real(yHat)>0;

% counting the errors
nErr(ii) = size(find([ip- ipHat]),2);

end

simBer = nErr/N; % simulated ber
EbN0Lin = 10.^(Eb_N0_dB/10);
theoryBer_nRx1 = 0.5.*(1-1*(1+1./EbN0Lin).^(-0.5));
p = 1/2 - 1/2*(1+1./EbN0Lin).^(-1/2);
theoryBerMRC_nRx2 = p.^2.*(1+2*(1-p));

close all
figure
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBer_nRx1,'bp-','LineWidth',2);
hold on
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,theoryBerMRC_nRx2,'kd-','LineWidth',2);
semilogy(Eb_N0_dB,simBer,'mo-','LineWidth',2);
axis([0 25 10^-5 0.5])
grid on
legend('theory (nTx=2,nRx=2, ZF)', 'theory (nTx=1,nRx=2, MRC)', 'sim (nTx=2, nRx=2, ZF-SIC-Sort)');
xlabel('Average Eb/No,dB');
ylabel('Bit Error Rate');
title('BER for BPSK modulation with 2x2 MIMO and ZF-SIC-Sorted equalizer (Rayleigh channel)');